Chiao Ping-chen, a native of Shantung, served in the Directorate of Astronomy and learned Western techniques of painting. Shown here is Ch’ing-style architecture, which has no main ridge due to the curved features. Some roofs have overhanging gables, while below are eaves with propped window covers (which let in air and light and are often used in garden or residential architecture). The buildings rest on slab-lined walls. The building to the right has I-ma san-chien lattice windows (vertical slats with 3 horizontal members), often used in subsidiary palace structures during the Ming and Ch’ing. Here, Chiao Ping-chen used Western-style perspective and washes of ink to indicate shading, providing for a realistic effect.