石渠寶笈三編(延春閣),第三冊,頁1394&*故宮書畫錄(卷五),第三冊,頁53&*故宮書畫圖錄,第一冊,頁217-218&*1.林莉娜,〈宋郭熙寒林圖〉,收入林莉娜、張華芝編,《冬景山水畫特展圖錄》(臺北:國立故宮博物院,1989年元月初版),頁57。 &*郭熙(十一世紀後葉),河南溫縣人,神宗熙寧年間(1068-1077)任畫院藝學。善山水,畫法學自李成,而能樹立一己的面貌。本幅舊傳為郭熙所作。畫中林木,業已落葉凋零,僅存如龍舞爪般的老幹枯枝,與殘餘點點綠葉的斑駁古柏,挺立在孤孑突兀的坡土上,有種蕭瑟嚴寒的氣象。畫法上無論畫樹或山石,用筆都遒勁有力,墨色層層渲染,加重了灰黯的天空,襯白了寒雪,更顯得景物蕭條荒遠。&*Kuo Hsi was from Wen County, Honan. He served as an apprentice artist in the Imperial Academy of Painting under Emperor Shen-tsung from 1068 to 1077. His specialty was landscapes, and although he was heavily influenced by Li Ch'eng, Kuo Hsi developed his own personal style. In this painting, traditionally attribute to Kuo Hsi, a cold and snowy forest has been described. The leaves have already withered and fallen into decay. All that remains are the dry and barren branches, waving like dragons'claws in the chilly breeze. The mottle old cypress, with only a touch of green remaining, stands erect on a steep and lonely slope. The overall mood is one of desolation and bitter cold. In terms of techniqhe, the brushwork depicting trees and rocks is firm and powerful. In the layering of ink tones and washes, a striking contrast has been achieved between the gloomy sky, barren scenery, and the whiteness of the snow.&*冬日空曠的堤岸一角,枯樹林立,伸展如蟹爪般的枝梢。前端一株高大的古柏拔地而起,虯枝翻轉,狀若偃蓋。遠山數疊,形勢低平,地面和山頭都積了一層深雪,坡腳斜斜交錯,逐漸沒遠方。天際空闊窅黯,益發顯出一股蕭瑟幽森的氣氛。 用凹凸起伏的線條勾勒樹的輪廓,再用墨線,悉心皴出縷縷細紋,樹幹上端與枝梢略抹一道白線,或點綴白粉,以寫雪意。遠山不皴,以深淺墨色烘染,天空約占半幅,渲染深墨,反映出被雪覆蓋的地面與山巒。構圖以寒林為主景,置於畫面左半幅,背山簡略,以平遠法表現,藉以襯托近景寒林高大挺拔的身影。 十至十一世紀,北方畫家間有一類以「平遠寒林」或「山水寒林」為主題的山水畫,論者認為這類畫題一方面延續唐代水墨「山水樹石」、「松石山水」傳統,另一方面與華北特有的地方景觀有關,成為華北山水畫的主題之一,描寫形式也有一定的格局。平遠寒林的代表畫家首推五代時期的李成(919--967),宋人形容他的畫風特色是: 「氣象蕭疏,煙林清曠,毫鋒穎脫,墨法精微」。(註一)此幅無作者款印,清宮著錄歸為宋代郭熙(活動於十一世紀),不過從畫的主題來看,應屬於李成的平遠寒林一系。從樹與坡石的畫法已約略有形式化的傾向來看,可能與十三世紀南宋末到元代初年間仿古山水畫風有關。(註二)(何傳馨) (註一)郭若虛,《圖畫見聞誌》,收錄於于安瀾編,《畫史叢書》(上海: 上海人民美術出版社,1962),第一冊,卷一,頁12,〈論三家山水》。參見李霖燦,〈寒林一系圖畫的初步探討〉,收錄於李霖燦,《中國名畫研究》(台北:藝文印書館,1973),頁275--280。鈴木敬著,魏美月譯,《中國繪畫史》(上)(台北: 國立故宮博物院,1987),頁159--160。 (註二)參見Wen C. Fong, Images of the Mind, (Princeton: The Art Museum, PrincetonUniversity, 1984), pp. 65-68.