清廷 光緒帝 政府官員 蒙古 旗民分治 籌邊論述 墾殖 移民實邊 設省改制 奏摺 硃批 覆議 依議 Qing Dynasty court Emperor Guangxu Court officials Mongolia Separate governance of the banner people and the civilians Propositions regarding the Mongolian frontier issue Cultivation and colonization Moving people to Mongolia to strengthen border defense Making Mongolia a province and restructuring it Memorials to the throne Comments written by the Emperor in red with a brush on the memorials Further deliberation Approved