自強運動 天文算學館 道德理想主義 德治說 本末說 文化上的民族優越感 中法媲美西法論 西化的疑慮與警戒 倭仁 張盛藻 楊廷熙 弈訢 李鴻章 曾國藩 The self-strengthening movement The school of astronomy and mathematics Moral idealism A theory which regarding moral as essentially important in politics Te chih shuo The metaphor of root-branch polarity Pen mo shuo Cultural nationalism The belief in the equivalence between Chinese methods and Western methods The worry and alert about Westernization Wo Jen Chang Sheng-tsao Yang T'ing-hsi I Hsin Li Hung-chang Tseng Kuo-fan